Prepare and Apply Pre-production Planning
Scenario: You are the co-ordinator for pre-production on your project and you are going to generate appropriate planning and pre-production documentation an collate this in a digital portfolio.
Understanding the requirements of pre-production:
Types of Production:
Film:
Movies are regarded as one of the most expensive forms of media there are. There is so much planning that has to take place before production of the film even starts. The budget for films have to be big in order to get the correct shot for each scene, the most expensive film every made was pirate of the caribbean: on stranger tides which costed $378.5 million, it grossed a collective $1,045,713,802 over the course of it's release, showing that most films which have this expensive budget can earn far more than spent, depending on the day one statistics.
TV:
Television is one of the more recents forms of entertainment, it is widely used by people all over the globe, with different channels dedicated to different things. Some of the more well-known channels in England are the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). and ITV (Independent Television).
Most of the popularity regarding TV comes from a series, for example; Breaking Bad, having an average of 4.32 million viewers and getting mostly positive widespread reviews from critics
Games:
Video games are one of the most recent forms of media, really taking its stride around the 1980s with the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), before this, there was a fear of a market crash in gaming, this was because of people developing too many poor quality games and prices for games shooting up as a result. One of the most expensive games to date is Modern Warfare 2, which had a budget of $200 Million, leaving behind Grand Theft Auto V which had a budget of $128 Million, though GTA V had a bigger gross profit in the long run, so it could be argued that GTA V was more successful
Radio:
Radio has been around for a long period of time posing as a informative and entertainment based non-visual media platform.
Many early stations were started by newspapers worried radio might replace their newspapers. 8XK became KDKA in 1920. KDKA received the first federal license and began broadcasting on November 2, 1920. And by 1922, 600 radio stations had sprung up around the United States.
They make a profit from the ads they sell, the special events they hold, the syndication of their most popular shows and in some cases the special services they can provide to other radio stations.
As an example BBC Radio 2 gets around 15.1m listeners every week on average & BBC Radio 4 gets around 11.2 million listeners every week on average.
Interactive Media:
Interactive media normally refers to products and services on digital computer-based systems which respond to the user's actions by presenting content such as text, moving image, animation, video, audio, and video games.
Web:
Most recently the internet has become the most common outlet for a large amount of media to be heard and are available on a huge range of websites, most notably YouTube.
YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010.
In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. According to third-party web analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is the second-most visited website in the world, as of December 2016; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month.
Print:The industry associated with the printing and distribution of news through newspapers and magazines. Print media advertising is a form of advertising that uses physically printed media, such as magazines and newspapers, to reach consumers, business customers and prospects.
However, with so many different forms of media distribution, traditional print media is struggling to maintain readership. Due to the fact that publications lose so many readers every year, advertisers are beginning to pull money from print mediums, such as newspapers and magazines. Instead, those funds are put into other mediums like television, radio, and other digital platforms. Journalists considering a career in this field should recognize that the Internet offers the same level of freedom of expression as print media
Summary:
Production roles in different forms of entertainment can stem across every form of media there is , going from the basic jobs entailed when working with a radio station, to the vital roles that entail when working on a movie. Every piece of media has its place here in the modern world. It's astonishing to think that forms of media have kept their place in our society, things like radio have been present for decades and continue to shape our world for better and for worse.
Finance:
Having a good financial plan when in pre-production is essential as it could be a deal breaker in the development of your project. Gaining the appropriate funds to ensure you project stays on track can be difficult.
In order to make this somewhat easier, you should plan out and consider what your funds will be needed to pay for. Notable things to consider can be; Materials, Software, Workspace and Salaries. All forms of costs need to be considered as it will help you gain a clear indication of the amount of money you will be making in the long run. It is important that you carry out market research for certain aspects of your financing such as software and workspace. The market is highly competitive so finding better deals that will reduce your outgoing payments will always be a benefit in the long run. Finances can come from various sources such as; Your own pocket, Sponsors, Fund raising, Bank loans as well as Donations.
Industries such as Radio and Television will gain money from sponsors or through Funds generated by their individuals higher up in industry.
Time:
Time in pre-production is very important and can include an array of things that will help in the development of your project. Time can include such things as; deadlines, scheduling and milestones. Deadlines provide a target for a team to achieve as well as move the development a long a good pace and are set by the lead developer of that particular area.Failing to meet deadlines can seriously hinder the development of any project as well as lose the company money and ultimately lose you your job.
Scheduling allows you to set out what parts of the project are to worked on and who is working on them, this eliminates any confusion and also shares workloads out evenly. These aspects can apply to all forms of creative media industry and applying them effectively can ensure that your project is completed on time and to a good standard.
Facilities:
When planning out what facilities you will need for the production of your project, you should take into the account the following; equipment, you must make sure you have all the correct equipment needed to create your project.
You will also have to look at the space needed to house all of your equipment and personnel. A space too small can create an undesirable working environment while a space too big will be a waste of money.
In other industries, facilities can vary. Radio stations will need things like recording studios and mixers while television studios will need cameras and lighting equipment. Will all this, you will have to take into account the cost of all the facilities you need and incorporate it into your financial plan.
Materials:
In regards to materials, a plan needs to be created that outlines what materials you need and how you are going to get them. This includes who you will use to supply items which is important as it can affect the overall cost, so carefully choosing who you are going to use as a supplier is essential as you may be able to find better deals at other companies.
The way in which you get the materials you need depends on other aspects including, time, finance and needs. It is also recommended that a priority list be created so that the harder to acquire materials be acquired before anything else. You will also have to take into account the type of project you are developing so that you are able to identify the specific materials needed for your production. Researching your materials is an effective way to find some good deals and places where you can save money. The best example of this would be Sound Libraries where you can source free music and sounds. This will save money and time as you wont have to spend money on Foley artists creating sound or have to wait for them to actually make the sound.
Contributors:
Contributors mainly include the personnel involved in the development of the project. This can include (but is not limited to);
- Bookings manager - A Booking manager is responsible for booking artists, bands, DJs, choirs, orchestras and other musical ensembles.
- Studio manager. In many cases this is the same as the bookings manager but in larger studios the studio manager runs the place.
- Studio technician. In some studios there is a technical crew with juniour tech's and more experienced tech's. Qualifications are generally a technical degree or similar.
- Runner. - Production Runners are used by the Producer and by other production staff. They help out wherever they are needed on productions. Their responsibilities vary depending on where Production Runners are assigned.
- Assistant engineer.
- Recording engineer. An recording engineer works with the technical aspects of sound during the processes of recording.
- Record producer. -
- Mastering engineer. The mastering engineer takes the final mixed production and either transfers it to CD or plastic. This can be a very skilled job and can pay well.
These certain departments make up the development team of the project. Each area contributes a certain amount of work in accordance to their own deadlines.
Locations:
Location is an important aspect, when deciding so you should consider;
Accessibility
Cost
Distance
Area
Accessibility is very important as it can affect the general work flow of the company. If your location isn’t as accessible for some members of staff to other, you will find that some people will not be able to work as much as others and this can disrupt any form of development.
You also have to take into account the cost of the location in which you would like the base your company as some areas will be cheaper than others. For example an office in the middle of Birmingham city center will cost more than an office that is based on the outskirts of Birmingham. An office based somewhere close to others who specialize in the same industry is also advised as it will allow you to create connections with other companies that may benefit the development of your project.
Another aspect that should be taken into account is the distance in which your employees have to travel in order to get to work, too far and it increases the chances they may be late for work or out of frustration, leave the job entirely. Another aspect you have you take into account is the cost. It should be a priority on your financial plan as it is one the most expensive aspects of starting up your own studio. There are ways to reduce how much you pay but that always comes with the area you choose to set up in and the state in which the building is in.
It is advisable that you find a location that is pretty much ready to go and not in need of restoration or fixing up. This is because it takes time and money and while it may be a little cheaper, the time invested will take away any time you spend on creating projects and making money.
Codes of Practice and Regulation:
If a musical work is in copyright (which it will be if any of the composers, editors or authors have not been dead for more than 70 years, or if the printed editon has been published in the last 25 years, whichever is the longer) then copying the work and/or arranging it are infringements of the copyright unless the person doing so has either gained permission from the copyright owner to do so, or if they fall under any of the exceptions to the rule listed in the code.
The Code of Fair Practice has been agreed between composers, publishers and users of Printed Music.
The codes of practice and
regulations that would be needed are Mechanical Copyright Protection Society-Performing
Rights Society Alliance (MCPS-PRS), location permissions, copyright,
health and safety and insurance. You would need insurance because if someone on
your set gets hurt then it our responsibility to get insurance on everyone working
there. There would also need to have the Entertainment Software Rating Board
(ESRB).
Planning:
Track Details:
Super Rich Kids - Frank Ocean
"Super Rich Kids" is a song by American singer Frank Ocean, and the fifth single from his debut studio album, Channel Orange. It was first performed live by Ocean in 2011 and then on his Channel Orange Tour in 2012. The single was released in March 2013. The song is in the style of R&B and neo soul, and includes references to and samples of the songs "Bennie and the Jets" by Elton John, "Got to Give It Up" by Marvin Gaye, and "Real Love" by Mary J. Blige. It addresses young, wealthy characters' ennui and fears of the financial crisis with dry humor. The song received positive critical responses and charted on the Billboard R&B Songs chart and the UK singles and R&B chart.
Instruments/Track list:
BPM:
60
Piano Chords:
Piano Chords:
1st Chord
Left Hand: E♭ Right Hand: G, B♭, D, F
2nd Chord
Left Hand: A♭ Right Hand: G♭, B♭, D♭, F
3rd Chord
Left Hand: D♭ Right Hand: F, A♭, C, E♭
4th Chord
Left Hand: B♭ Right Hand: F, A♭, C, E♭
5th Chord
Left Hand: B♭ Right Hand: F, A♭, B, D
Bass:
Intro/Verse 1
G|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
D|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
A|-6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6-------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4---|
E|---------------------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4------------------------|
G|--------------------------------------|
D|----------------8--8--8--(8)----------|
A|-------------8------------------------|
E|-6--6--6--6---------------------------|
Verse 2 0:40
G|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
D|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
A|--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6---------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4-------------|
E|---------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4-------------------------------------|
G|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
D|---------------8--8--8--8h9h8------------------------------------------------------|
A|------------8------------------8/6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6----------------------------|
E|-6--6--6--6--------------------------------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4---|
Verse 3 1:27 (is the same as Verse 1 ^^)
G|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
D|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
A|--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4-------------|
E|---------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4------------------------------------|
G|--------------------------------------|
D|----------------8--8--8--(8)----------|
A|-------------8------------------------|
E|-6--6--6--6---------------------------|
2:00 'Real love...'
G|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
D|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
A|-6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6-------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4----|
E|---------------------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4-------------------------|
2:30 Earls Verse
G|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
D|----------------8--8--8--8h9h8--------------------------------------------------------|
A|-------------8------------------8/6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6------------------------------|
E|-6--6--6--6------------------------------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4-----|
G|-----------------------------------------------------------|
D|-------------------------------------------8--8--8--(8)----|
A|---4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4---------------8------------------|
E|-----------------------------6--6--6--6--------------------|
3:03 'We end our day..."
G|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
D|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
A|--6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6---------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4-------------|
E|---------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4--4-------------------------------------|
G|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
D|---------------8--8--8--8h9h8---------------------------------------------------------|
A|------------8------------------8/6--6--6--6--6--6--6--6-------------------------------|
E|-6--6--6--6--------------------------------------------------4--4--4--4--4--4--4------|
3:50 (((it goes into some bass synthesiser bit, just hold each rote note long enough)))
4:21 New Riff (Ending)
G|----8-8(slide note down fretboard)-----8-8---8-8---8-8-----------------------|
D|------------------------------------------------------6-6---6-6---6-6---6-6--|
A|--6------------------------------6------6-----6------------------------------|
E|-----------------------------------------------------4-----4-----4-----4-----|
G|----6-6----6-6----6-6----6-6-----------------------------------------|
D|--------------------------------8-8----8-8----8-8----8h9h8-----------|
A|--4------4------4------4------------------------------------8(end)---|
E|------------------------------6------6------6------6-----------------|
Vocals:
Too many bottles of this wine we can’t pronounce
Too many bowls of that green, no Lucky Charms
The maids come around too much
Parents ain’t around enough
Too many joy rides in daddy’s Jaguar
Too many white lies and white lines
Super rich kids with nothing but loose ends
Super rich kids with nothing but fake friends
Too many bowls of that green, no Lucky Charms
The maids come around too much
Parents ain’t around enough
Too many joy rides in daddy’s Jaguar
Too many white lies and white lines
Super rich kids with nothing but loose ends
Super rich kids with nothing but fake friends
Start my day up on the roof
There’s nothing like this type of view
Point the clicker at the tube
I prefer expensive news
New car, new girl
New ice, new glass
New watch, good times babe
It's good times, yeah
She wash my back three times a day
This shower head feels so amazing
We’ll both be high, the help don’t stare
They just walk by, they must don’t care
A million one, a million two
A hundred more will never do
There’s nothing like this type of view
Point the clicker at the tube
I prefer expensive news
New car, new girl
New ice, new glass
New watch, good times babe
It's good times, yeah
She wash my back three times a day
This shower head feels so amazing
We’ll both be high, the help don’t stare
They just walk by, they must don’t care
A million one, a million two
A hundred more will never do
Real love, I’m searching for a real love
Real love, I’m searching for a real love
Oh, real love
Real love, I’m searching for a real love
Oh, real love
Close your eyes to what you can't imagine
We are the xany-gnashing
Caddy-smashing, bratty ass
He mad, he snatched his daddy's Jag
And used the shit for batting practice
Adamant and he thrashing
Purchasing crappy grams with half the hand of cash you handed
Panic and patch me up
Pappy done latch-keyed us
Toying with Raggy Anns and Mammy done had enough
Brash as fuck, breaching all these aqueducts
Don’t believe us
Treat us like we can’t erupt, yup
We are the xany-gnashing
Caddy-smashing, bratty ass
He mad, he snatched his daddy's Jag
And used the shit for batting practice
Adamant and he thrashing
Purchasing crappy grams with half the hand of cash you handed
Panic and patch me up
Pappy done latch-keyed us
Toying with Raggy Anns and Mammy done had enough
Brash as fuck, breaching all these aqueducts
Don’t believe us
Treat us like we can’t erupt, yup
Polo sweats and Hermes blankets
Them label hoes be stealing my shit
And all they clothes revealing they tits
Pills, high enough to touch the rim in that bitch
We party in my living room
Cause father is gone
And he left me this empire
That runs on its own
So all I got to do is whatever the fuck I want
All we ever do is whatever the fuck we want
Them label hoes be stealing my shit
And all they clothes revealing they tits
Pills, high enough to touch the rim in that bitch
We party in my living room
Cause father is gone
And he left me this empire
That runs on its own
So all I got to do is whatever the fuck I want
All we ever do is whatever the fuck we want
We end our day up on the roof
I say I’ll jump, I never do
But when I’m drunk I act a fool
Talking bout, do they sew wings on tailored suits
I’m on that ledge, she grabs my arm
She slaps my head
It's good times, yeah
Sleeve rips off, I slip, I fall
The market's down like 60 stories
And some don’t end the way they should
My silver spoon has fed me good
A million one, a million cash
Close my eyes and feel the crash
I say I’ll jump, I never do
But when I’m drunk I act a fool
Talking bout, do they sew wings on tailored suits
I’m on that ledge, she grabs my arm
She slaps my head
It's good times, yeah
Sleeve rips off, I slip, I fall
The market's down like 60 stories
And some don’t end the way they should
My silver spoon has fed me good
A million one, a million cash
Close my eyes and feel the crash
Real love, ain't that something rare
I’m searching for a real love, talking bout real love
Real love yeah
Real love
I’m searching for a real love
Talking bout a real love
I’m searching for a real love, talking bout real love
Real love yeah
Real love
I’m searching for a real love
Talking bout a real love
We also planned to add Guitar and Drums into the final piece, not originally used in the Track.
Recording Techniques:
Equipment:
- Mac
- Cubase Cubase Pro 6
- Microphones - Instrument - AKG C1000s Condenser
- Keyboard
- Bass
- Acoustic Guitar
- Drum Set
- Relative Cabling
- Mixer
Personnel / Role Allocation:
Engineer - Myself
Acoustic Guitar - Martin
Bass - Rebecca
Drums - Megan Matthews
Vocals - ...
Piano/Synth - Mr Holder.
Locations:
Landau Forte Academy Tamworth - Sound Production Studio and Classroom.
Health and Safety Issues:
Cables: Cables are obviously a massive tripping hazard in a recording studio, due to the fact that microphones will be plugged in to the walls via XLR cable throughout the day and will be moved and swapped around constantly. This means that this tripping hazard will be constantly moving throughout the day so it is important to be vigilant while walking around the live rooms when instruments and microphones are in use to avoid personal injury and equipment damage.
Sound Pressure: Drums and Amplifiers in small spaces can and usually do reach high air pressure levels that can lead to hearing damage. It is important that this is considered in a studio as musicians and producers require the use of their ears for their trade. This health and safety issue can be combatted by wearing noise cancelling headphones or alternatively ear plugs to reduce the pressure entering the ears. Another option is to sit the musician in a separate room to where the noise source is when recording amplified instruments.
Fire Hazards: Due to the vast amount of electrical equipment being used in a recording studios there is a small possibility of electrical fires if a particular piece of equipment were to overheat. The university studio’s walls are covered in foam sound proofing as well as poor ventilation due to the noise the vents can make, both of these can be an additional fire hazard should one arise. It is important that if a small fire is discovered that you have the ability to tackle it with one of the studio’s wall mounted extinguishers, alternatively if the fire is too large you must evacuate the studio and the building immediately and call 999 for the fire service.
Use of computers: If using a computer for an extended period of time it is important that you take regular breaks to avoid damaging your eyes or even you back if your sitting posture is poor. Always sit up straight with the computer monitor at eye level to avoid straining any muscles. The same goes for listening to loud music for extended periods of time as this has the ability to reduce the range of your hearing over time if regular breaks are not taken.
Risk Assessment:
Risk assessment for studio:
Risk – Solution -
Lids from boxes Ensure to put to one side out of the way and nowhere anybody would be working. Keeping the flat and tidy.
Tripping over cables can be solved with simple cable management placing them out of the way and taping them down however ensuring this does not cause any lose connections.
Live Wire exposure before plugging in cables ensure that they are not broken in any way checking the safety doing so.
Plug Sockets When the equipment is not in use or is not set up correctly make sure the power is turned off.
Moving Boxes This can be controlled by locking the wheels at the base of the box.
Lifting Equipment This is a health risk, which can be minimalized by ensuring to bend you knees and keep your back straight avoiding any posing threat of damage to the back.
Water near equipment Keep food and drinks away from the performance area unless water is required for the performance, in this case make sure it is in a secure place and position to minimalize spillage threats.
Noise Levels For social law reasons any sound cannot exceed 120db and this can be prevented with sensible sound control on the mixing desk and the ability to check the sound output level during the performance.
Feedback Feedback is an annoying noise distortion as the sound travels back and forth superimposing with one another causing it to get louder and louder therefore hurting people ears. This can be prevented by keeping the microphones away from the speakers (preferably behind).
Post Production Requirements:
Use of Cubase - Cubase is a music software product developed by German musical software and equipment company Steinberg for music recording, arranging and editing as part of a digital audio workstation.
I will be using this programme for both recording the individual tracks and most importantly for post production to ensure all of the timings, sound levels and all factors effecting the final result are at their best possible level.
Mixing Tracks - In sound recording and reproduction, audio mixing is the process of combining multitrack recordings into a single track and these tracks that are blended together are done so by using various processes such as EQ, Compression and Reverb.
This stage will be done in post production, using each track I record.
Adding Effects - Adding effects will help when mixing tracks to blend them into one another, creating an equilibrium between each track to allow the final outcome to sound professional.
Equalisation - Equalisation is the process of adjusting the balance between frequency components within an electronic signal. This means boosting or reducing (attenuating) the levels of different frequencies in a signal. The most basic type of equalization familiar to most people is the treble/bass control on home audio equipment. The treble control adjusts high frequencies, the bass control adjusts low frequencies.
Equalization is most commonly used to correct signals which sound unnatural. For example, if a sound was recorded in a room which accentuates high frequencies, an equalizer can reduce those frequencies to a more normal level. Gives you the ability to boost high, mids and lows through frequency.
Compression -
Compression is the process of lessening the dynamic range between the loudest and quietest parts of
an audio signal. This is done by boosting the quieter signals and attenuating the louder signals.There are three main reasons that you will want to use compression. One is to even out a sound that is uneven in its volume levels.The second, related use is to increase loudness.A third use of compression is to make tonal changes, especially to drums (and sometimes acoustic guitar), by manipulating the percussive attack (the transient) of each hit (or strum).
Balancing Mix (Volume & Pan) -
Volume can also be used to describe the power level of a signal. So when you turn up the “master volume” knob on your amp, it simply means you’re increasing the amount of power used by the amp to increase the signal.
Panning is the distribution of a sound signal (either monaural or stereophonic pairs) into a new stereo or multi-channel sound field determined by a pan control setting.
Using the basic level and pan facilities provided on each track, the mixer is where we set the relative balance between each mix element. This balance will serve as the first step towards defining the focal point and overall sonic goals outlined in your mix plan.
Organising Audio Files - Organising audio files will allow me to be time efficient in post production and adds an element of simplicity when creating my final product due to the ease of access of locating the files I intend to use.
Bouncing Down Tracks - is a method of sound recording. It involves combining multiple track stems into one, allowing more room for overdubbing when using tape recorders with a limited set of tracks. It is also used to simplify mixdowns.
Mastering - Mastering, a form of audio post production, is the process of preparing and transferring recorded audio from a source containing the final mix to a data storage device (the master); the source from which all copies will be produced (via methods such as pressing, duplication or replication).
This will ultimately be the end stage of all production, finalizing the track with a high quality performance. File Formats - An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system. The bit layout of the audio data (excluding metadata) is called the audiocoding format and can be uncompressed, or compressed to reduce the file size, often using lossy compression.
Budgets:
Studio Hire - High-level recording studios charge £75 per hour and more, while mid-level studios may range from £35 to £60 per hour.
Mac - £1200
Cubase - £468 from Steinberg for Cubase Pro 9
Musicians - £75 on average per song
Studio Engineers - £200 a day
I created a production schedule in order to set goals and ensure all of the stages are achievable within my given time.
Bookings:
I have booked designated times during lessons and after school to use the studio to individually work with each element of my song working around others and their schedules.
My First two bookings being during lessons,
Acoustic Guitar - 25th April
Bass Guitar - 27th April
The following will have to be done outside of lessons:
Drums - 27th April
Vocals - 28th April
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